Diabetes complications

 Core reminder: The three complications of diabetes involve multiple systems and multiple organs, so patients must actively prevent disease.

　　 If a diabetic patient cannot control his blood sugar well, the damage is systemic, involving multiple organs in multiple systems of the body. There are three common types of chronic complications of diabetes.

　　 The first category is complication caused by microvascular disease, manifested in eye diseases such as visual impairment and blindness caused by retinopathy, and kidney disease caused by glomerular filtration dysfunction. The patient develops intermittent proteinuria or microalbuminuria. With the prolongation of the course of the disease, persistent proteinuria, edema, hypertension, and decreased glomerular filtration rate appear, and then develop renal insufficiency or even uremia.

　　 The second category is macrovascular complications, manifested as atherosclerosis, including coronary heart disease, stroke (commonly known as "stroke"), and lower limb vascular disease (such as diabetic foot), etc., which are the main causes of disability and death in patients ( It accounts for 75% of diabetes deaths). In particular, acute coronary events such as unstable angina, myocardial infarction and stroke pose the most serious threats to life.

　　 The third category is the complications of the nervous system. The most common is peripheral neuropathy. Most of them appear after 2 to 3 years of diabetes, and the course of diabetes is more than 10 years. About 90% of people suffer from this disease. It is mainly manifested in the symmetry of the extremities, especially in the lower extremities. Symmetrical sensory disturbances, such as cold, heat and vibration, and decreased accurate tactility. Some patients will also have the sensation of ants crawling on the body, commonly known as "ant walking sensation".

　　Such complications also include diabetic autonomic neuropathy, in which sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of various systems can be affected. Mainly manifested as cardiovascular system symptoms such as tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, etc.; digestive system symptoms such as prolonged gastric emptying time, nausea, vomiting, etc.; diarrhea, alternating constipation or paroxysmal nocturnal diarrhea may occur when intestinal dysfunction ; Urogenital symptoms such as weak bladder muscle tension can cause urinary weakness, urinary retention, and long-term residual urine increase prone to urinary tract infections.